Isozyme diversity and analysis of the mating system of the wild rice Oryza latifolia Desv. in Costa Rica

Oryza latifolia is the most abundant and widespread wild relative of rice in the lowlands of Costa Rica. It also has the most diverse morphology. However, little is known about the genetic diversity and mating system of this allotetraploid species. Genetic analyses of nine populations from different life zones from the Pacific and Atlantic slopes were performed using six isozyme loci. Differences in genetic variability were observed among populations, of which Palo Verde and Santa Rosa were the most diverse. Most Atlantic populations clustered together, and a similar result was obtained with the Pacific populations. High levels of interpopulation diversity were observed while most populations were monomorphic for at least one genotype, suggesting little genetic flow within populations. Even in polymorphic populations no variation was observed within progeny groups, combined with Hardy-Weinberg disequilibria in most populations, commonly observed in autogamous species or in species with clonal reproduction. However, the high frequency of heterozygous-like patterns may suggest that the reproductive system of O. latifolia might be more complex. Future research may explain the genetic patterns as well as the reproductive biology of this species. The knowledge of the genetic diversity and mating system of O. latifolia could contribute to the implementation of genetic resource conservation strategies and gene flow analyses, as well as of breeding programs for rice improvement.     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在植物抗立枯丝核菌基因工程中的应用

核糖体失活蛋白(RIPs)是一类主要出现在植物中并具有r RNA N-糖苷酶活性的蛋白质,大体上分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型2类。介绍了RIPs在抗真菌活性、毒性和免疫原性方面的研究进展,并对其在抗立枯丝核菌植物基因工程方面的应用进行了综述。     

利用SSR 标记分析甘蔗重要亲本粤农73-204及其衍生品种的遗传多样性

为深入了解甘蔗重要亲本粤农73-204(YN73-204)及其衍生品种之间的遗传关系,利用SSR标记研究了甘蔗亲本粤农73-204及其衍生系、相关品种共计20份甘蔗材料的遗传多样性.结果显示,52对SSR引物检测到512个变异位点,每对引物平均为9.8个,变幅为5～20个.20份甘蔗材料遗传多样性GS变幅为0.6518～0.9086,整体遗传差异相对较小.54对引物多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0～0.50,平均为0.29.UPGMA聚类分析将20份甘蔗材料分成4大类,聚类结果能较好地反映品种之间的遗传关系.     

应用贝叶斯算法评估如皋黄鸡40周龄体重母体遗传、显性遗传效应

文章旨在评估亲本印记及显性遗传效应对如皋黄鸡40周龄体重表型方差的影响。收集2009~2011年如皋黄鸡生产记录,包括3 890只鸡的产蛋高峰期体重记录,以贝叶斯算法分析表型方差组分。应用动物模型时考虑加性遗传、母体遗传以及显性遗传效应,对不同日龄体重进行标准化,以DIC值选择最优模型。结果表明,如皋黄鸡40周龄体重性状遗传模型应考虑加性遗传效应和母体遗传效应;如皋黄鸡40周龄遗传力为0.45,母体遗传效应可解释6%表型方差;如皋黄鸡40周龄体重基本不受显性遗传效应影响。遗传分析结果显示40周龄体重属于中等遗传力性状,可以利用母体遗传效应估计育种值进行专门化选育。     

AFLP分子标记技术在甘蔗遗传育种上的应用

论述了AFLP分子标记技术的产生、特点和基本原理,目前AFLP分子标记技术在甘蔗遗传育种研究中广泛应用于鉴定品种或种质,检测遗传多样性,构建分子连锁遗传图谱,定位克隆基因等领域,展现出广阔的应用前景.     

一个水稻类感干尖线虫卷叶突变体的遗传分析与基因定位

筛选和鉴定水稻卷叶突变体是研究叶片形态建成机理的前提.本研究利用甲基磺酸乙酯对常规粳稻秀水09进行诱变,获得了一个稳定遗传的类感干尖线虫卷叶突变体(nematode infestation mimic rolling leaf mutant,nir).与野生型相比,nir全生育期叶尖卷曲、枯萎,表型与干尖线虫侵染症状相似.此外,突变体植株矮小,叶片表面较光滑,有效分蘖数少.采用nir与秀水09杂交的F2群体进行遗传分析,结果表明nir的类感干尖线虫卷叶性状受一对隐性核基因控制.利用nir与籼稻93-11杂交获得的F2群体,采用分子标记技术将目的基因最终定位在水稻第二染色体2 ～ 88w和2～82w之间,遗传距离为1.1 cM,物理距离245 kb.研究结果表明,nir很可能是一个尚未报道的新基因,进一步克隆nir基因有可能揭示与现有报道的卷叶基因不同的卷叶调控机理,为筛选理想株型、培育高产水稻品种提供理论基础和供试材料.     

农杆菌介导抗根结线虫Bt cry6A基因转化茄子的研究

本试验以茄子下胚轴和子叶为外植体,通过对抗生素选择压筛选、不同抗生素抑菌效果比较、农杆菌侵染时间、预培养时间、共培养时间等条件优化,建立了适用于茄子的遗传转化体系,并利用农杆菌介导法将抗根结线虫Bt cry6A基因导入茄子中,以期获得抗线虫的茄子材料,探索新的抗线虫育种途径,为利用茄子转基因技术培育和改良茄子品质提供理论依据.结果表明,75mg· L-1的卡那霉素可以有效地抑制愈伤组织的产生;200mg· L-1特美汀能够完全抑制农杆菌的生长;最佳侵染外植体为子叶,在预培养4d,侵染10min,共培养1d时转化率最高;获得的56株Kan抗性植株中有15株具有GUS活性;经过PCR、RT-PCR验证,初步确认Bt cry6A基因已整合至茄子基因组中,并在转录水平上正常表达;根结线虫幼虫接种鉴定表明,转Bt cry6A基因茄子再生植株对南方根结线虫抗性明显提高.     

Improving minimum detectable differences in the assessment of soil organic matter change in short‐term field experiments

The demand for information on cropping system impact on soil organic matter (SOM) calls for efforts to improve the utilization of short‐term field experiments (e.g., to evaluate the parameterization of cropping systems in models). Those approaches have coped with the problem of determining small SOM changes within a large background mass. Thus, objectives of this survey are (1) the improvement of the minimum detectable difference (MDD) in SOM in the hudycrop short‐term field experiment by methods of sampling design and data treatment, (2) the verification to what extend the hudycrop short‐term field experiment allows for the determination of management induced effects on SOM, and (3) the investigation to what extent the obtained results may be suitable to evaluate the parameterization of a SOM balance model. The design of the hudycrop is suitable for excluding outliers plotwise. The estimation of plot means can be improved by the sampling design. Instead of determining a single plot mean in a mixed sampling procedure, the design provides multiple values for each plot, allowing for the identification of extreme values before calculating plot means. In consequence, minimum detectable differences decrease by a factor of 0.53 for soil organic C (SOC) and 0.63 for soil total N (STN) masses, allowing for detection of changes in the magnitude of 3.7 and 2.6% of background SOC and STN levels, respectively. Differences between treatments, however, are significant with corrected values (after outlier exclusion) for the crop production systems with the highest impact (potatoes and mulched red clover). Determining outliers based on Student's t‐test gives the lowest MDD and is therefore considered to be the most suitable method in this case. Correlations between apparent changes and SOM balances according to the HU‐MOD–2 model, used in this survey, indicate that the experimental design, in principal, is suitable for the evaluation of the parameterization of crop production systems in models. Still, an improved precision in SOM change detection is necessary. Reasonable options for that purpose are discussed in the paper.     

基于RAPD技术的狼蛛科五种蜘蛛的遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术对狼蛛科5种蜘蛛的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个10 bp寡核苷酸随机引物中筛选出10个有效的随机引物对基因组DNA进行了扩增,共记录187条片段,平均每个引物18.7条。种群内多态位点比例在16.98%~44.20%之间,平均遗传多态度0.112 0,Shannon多样性指数0.162 5。从统计结果来看,5种蜘蛛没有普遍存在的位点,种间遗传多样性较丰富,种内的遗传多样性较低,外部形态相似的种间遗传距离较近,亲缘关系较近。     

长脂拟鲿种群Cyt b基因序列的变异及遗传多样性

为给长脂拟鲿(Pseudobagrus adiposalis)的保护和利用提供科学依据,以采自珠江水系西江支流漓江、长江水系沅江上游支流阳河的长脂拟鲿各30尾为材料,研究该种鱼类种群细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列变异及遗传多样性。结果表明:长脂拟鲿Cyt b基因序列长1 096bp。其中,阳河种群、漓江种群分别有6个和40个变异位点,分属6个和4个单倍型,单倍型多样性指数(Hd)分别为0.639和0.251,单倍型间平均遗传距离(P)分别为0.002 0和0.024 3,核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.000 80和0.006 31。阳河种群Cyt b基因序列有4个同义突变和2个非同义突变,漓江种群有37个同义突变和3个非同义突变。漓江与阳河种群Cyt b基因序列共定义了10种单倍型,Hd为0.727,P为0.030 0,Pi为0.026 03。2个种群间的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.817,基因交流值(Nm)为0.06。2个种群间出现了一定程度的分化,但未达到种群水平。